When baby Sofia was born by cesarean section in Bournemouth, England, her parents didn't know that her birth method would become the subject of scientific research. But a new study from Bournemouth University suggests that how babies enter the world and what they encounter around birth may shape the invisible community of microbes living in their tiny tummies.
Researchers at Bournemouth University, working with University Hospitals Dorset, looked at data from more than 5,300 healthy babies across 11 previous studies. Their systematic review, published in BMJ Paediatrics, found that babies born by cesarean section or exposed to antibiotics during birth tended to have different gut bacteria compared to babies born vaginally without antibiotic exposure. Specifically, helpful bacteria like Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium were often less abundant in these babies, and the overall variety of bacteria was lower.
But here's where the story takes a hopeful turn. The research also found that exclusively breastfeeding may help restore some of those missing beneficial bacteria. Across several studies, breastfed babies appeared to show a partial recovery of microbial balance, even after cesarean birth or antibiotic exposure.
The gut microbiome is the community of tiny organisms—mostly bacteria—living in the digestive tract. Scientists believe it plays a key role in building a baby's immune system and overall health during those critical early years.
The researchers are quick to point out that cesarean sections and antibiotics should not be avoided when medically necessary. These interventions save lives and protect the health of mothers and babies. The study simply adds to our understanding of how birth experiences might influence the developing microbiome.
"The most encouraging finding was the potential role of breastfeeding," said Dr. Heidi Singleton, study author and senior lecturer in children and young people's nursing at Bournemouth University. She hopes the findings will help families access better feeding support and information.
Professor Minesh Khashu, a consultant neonatologist and professor of perinatal health at University Hospitals Dorset who co-authored the study, said the team plans to set up a new study in Dorset to investigate further. He also emphasized the importance of supporting breastfeeding within healthcare systems and society.
Two mothers with lived experience contributed to the review. They welcomed the breastfeeding findings but highlighted that many families face barriers to nursing and called for greater support from health services, employers, and communities.